REPORT WRITING

Report Writing

Many people agonise over writing reports, other people enjoy the opportunity it gives them to reflect. Many people do not look forward to reading reports because they are often too long and unclear.

Why do we write reports?

Effective reports are critical organisational documents because they:

·         Communicate information and ideas about your work, and that of your organisation.

·         Reflect and explain progress with work – and lack of progress.

·         Make it easier for your organisation to assess progress and plan anew.

·         Promote accountability.

·         Promote discussion and informed decision-making.

·         Emphasise problems and make recommendations.

·         Share information, learnings and experiences.

·         Provide analysis and offer insights into the way forward.

·         Help with effective and strategic planning.

·         Help members to participate in the democratic processes of your organisation.

Who do we write reports for?

Who you write reports for varies from organisation to organisation. Depending on the purpose of your report, your audience could include:

·         Staff

·         Members

·         executive committee

·         board

·         funders

·         other organisations

·         members of the public

It is important to be completely clear about why you are writing your report.

Know why you are writing

Before you start the actual formal writing, it helps to think about and identify why you are writing something, and what you are writing.
Before you start writing a draft, think and scribble around answering these questions:
o Why am I writing this?
o What do I want to achieve?
o Who am I writing for?
o What do I want people to think, feel, know or do after they have read it?
o What would be the best form for it to be written in? An article, pamphlet, poster, etc?

Different kinds of reports

There are many different kinds of reports – we are sure you are familiar with them. They include:

·         annual reports

·         committee reports

·         Financial reports

·         staff reports

·         membership reports

·         research reports

·         special reports

·         progress reports

Committee reports

A committee member is usually delegated to write a committee report.

Committee reports are progress reports, and are written more frequently than annual reports.
They are short reports to explain progress of a particular task given to that committee.

Long reports
If your report is long, then it would be best to include a summary near the beginning. Your summary could be a paragraph or a page, depending on how long your report is. You will need a contents section.

Short reports
If your report is short, you do not need a summary. However, a contents section is always helpful for the reader.

What goes into a report?

Many people hate writing reports. This can generate stress and resistance. Report writing can end up feeling like a huge burden, a thankless task. If you feel like this it will take you longer and be harder to write. Keep reminding yourself what a crucial role reports play in the life of your organisation, helping to make sure your organisation reflects on its progress and its problems.

Planning a report
After you have brainstormed the contents of your report, draw up a plan for what you want to include. As part of this process, you will also be able to decide where you need to put lots of detail, what you can leave out, and what you can just mention. Remember – keep it short, simple and straightforward. Use headings and sub-headings for your main points, and write from there.

Structuring a report:
Your report must make sense. It needs a logical flow. You will be able to test for logical flow by asking someone to read it and give you feedback.

Your report should include:

• A meaningful (and interesting, if possible) title.
• The date of the report.
• The author of the report.
• The contents list, if it is a fairly long report.
• A summary of the main point/s of the report, especially if it is a long report. Your report’s objective must be clearly stated.
• A logical flow of items, with meaningful sub-headings for each. The main point of the paragraph should be at the top of it.
• A conclusion, which could be your recommendations section. Don’t use your conclusion to restate everything already stated. Try to use it creatively.

The finishing touches

The key to an effective report is that it is easy and interesting to read. Many of us pass our work onto someone else to edit when we feel we have finished writing it. But editing is something a writer should do for him or herself before handing over to someone else. This way, you have more control over your writing. This section looks at the writer becoming an editor of his or her own work, and at simple techniques for editing to make your work more powerful.

Tips on writing an effective report
Have you ever had someone give you a thirty-page report to read that is pages and pages of typing? Doesn’t your heart drop? How will you ever plough through all the words, let alone remember key points?

There is an idea around that if your report is not long then it must be. This is not true. If you want to write an effective report then:

·         Plan ahead – don’t leave it to the last minute!

·         Plan time in for reflecting and revising your report.

·         Ask yourself what you want your reader to know, think, feel and do after they have read your report. This helps to keep you on track.

·         Write it in a short, simple and straightforward style.

·         Use appropriate language, style and tone.

·         Give it a title that tells the reader what to expect.

·         Give it a contents section for the reader to skim and know what to expect.

·         Be logical.

·         Be informative.

·         Be clear.

·         Be accurate.

·         Be analytical.

·         Offer insights.

·         Make sure you have not left any information gaps.

·         Make your point up-front – don’t keep the reader guessing by leaving it to the conclusion. You can do that with a novel but not a report.

·         Use lots of sub-headings.

·         Use the first sentence under each sub-heading to make the paragraph’s main point. This helps the busy reader.
§ Present it in an airy way, with lots of spaces to help keep the reader going.
§ Collect information, newspaper clippings, graphs, cartoons – any information that will be useful for your next report along the way. You can keep a file especially for this so that when it is time to write, you are already prepared.

Presenting your report
Here are some tips for preparing a report presentation:

·         Keep it short and clear.

·         Use everyday language. Lots of jargon and fancy words can make people feel left out or undermined.

·         If your presentation needs to be translated as you speak, then make it as easy as possible by not saying a lot before giving the translator their turn.

·         Have eye contact with your audience.

·         Talk loudly and clearly – make sure everyone can hear you.

·         Try to talk in an interesting, varied tone of voice.

·         Know your report well enough so that you only refer to notes, and do not have to read it out word-for-word.

·         Knowing your report well will help to make you feel confident.

·         Use examples where appropriate.

·         Write up your notes in big lettering so you can refer to them easily.

·         Give your audience a handout if it will help them follow and remember.

·         Offer your audience an opportunity to ask you questions about your report. You can refer some of the questions to other people present, if appropriate.

·         Highlight the most important points that your audience needs.

·         If you are reporting on an issue where there are differences of opinion within your organisation, then make sure that you give a balanced report. You may have to report putting forward a position that you do not personally agree with.

Following are various formats of day to day recordings of the various activities of NGO.

1.      Supervisor Register: Project Supervisor is the key person who is responsible for monitoring the project or any particular task in NGO. He / she should record all the important things which are relevant to the impact of actual work being done by organization. He / she should mention the qualitative and quantitative achievements and some difficulties if he comes across. These recordings are very useful when we need to take some reference for some decision. This category of documentation can be applied to any organization. This register can be more helpful when we undertake the analysis of our work.

2.      Community Register: It includes demographic details of community with whom organization works. Such demographic details are very useful to measure our impact. It gives us the base thought to take the decisions to run any kind of activity in community. It also explains whether there is any improvement in the demographic features of community after our intervention. These details can be rechecked after every six or four months. And we can record the changes which have happened because of our intervention.

3.      Programme register: If any NGO organizes a specific programme frequently in the community, then organization should maintain a register of programme stating the details of number of people who attended the same, content of programme, outcome of programme etc. Date, timing and other technical details are also filled up in this register. E.g. NGO working on health issues conducts the Medical Check up Camp

4.      Work Plan Register: It directly relates with our daily planning to execute our intervention. It is made with the reference of WBS (Work Breakdown Structure). This register can be very useful to keep a check whether we are going as per our planning or not. We can also write the name of responsible person for specific activity. This can be useful to present to our funders. So that, they can have understanding about our work.

5.      Visitors Note: It is very useful to get new ideas from people. We should ask each and every visitor of our organization to write their opinions about the NGO. It highlights the appreciable efforts and also addresses the issues which need improvisation.

6.      Assembly Register: We need to keep records of all type of gatherings of our organization. It will give us details about the people who attended the gathering so that we can keep in touch with these people. Many of them might become our prospective funder. We also need to write the details about the programme which was planned in get-together.

7.      Stock Register: In this, register, we need to keep records of our assets and properties right from a single pensile to land of our ownership. This register helps us to describe the various things which are physically available with us. It will also keep a check on the usage of our stock and help us to control the usage of all these things.

8.      Community Contact Register: This is most important register for any NGO. We record the contacts from our beneficiaries and the communities with whom we are working. Even if the person of NGO changes, then new person can get easily familiar to the people with whom we are working.

social transformation

Social transformation

Social transformation implies an underlying notion of the way society and culture change in response to such factors as economic growth, war or political upheavals.

Social transformation refers to the process of change in values, norms, institutionalized relationships, and stratification hierarchies over time. It affects patterns of interaction and insti­tutional arrangements within a society.

Culture

Cultural researcher Raymond Williams wrote in 1958 that culture is a "set of distinctive spiritual, material, intellectual and emotional features of society or a social group, and that it encompasses, in addition to art and literature, lifestyles, ways of living together, value systems, traditions and beliefs." A 2002 article by the United Nations agency UNESCO quotes this definition and agrees with it. But as far back as 1871, Sir Edward B. Tylor referred to culture as "civilization" saying that it is a "complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society." Many people view the latter as the more suitable definition.

Another view of culture includes the three elements, values, norms and artifacts. Values reflect ideas on what is important in life. They are the foundation for all else in a culture. Norms are the expected and accepted ways that people behave in a culture, and sanctions enforce norms. Artifacts are a culture’s material items, generally studied by archeologists.

Cultures, by their very nature, embrace and resist change. Cultural change can arise from environment, due to inventions and other influences, or as a result of contact with other cultures. In diffusion, a physical form is transferred to another culture without the meaning being transferred. For example, when hamburgers reached Asia, they were considered an exotic food. The diffusions of innovations theory explains why cultures adopt new practices, ideas and products. And a bleak example of acculturation can be seen in the story of the American Indians, who were forced to be home-dwellers when their entire cultures were based on their nomadic traits.

When a person adapts to a new culture, it is called assimilation. Cultural change, for the individual or an entire society, is one of the most stressful of all human experiences. This underscores how pivitol culture really is to our personal identities and psychological foundation.

Globalization

Process by which the experience of everyday life, marked by the diffusion of commodities and ideas, is becoming standardized around the world. Factors that have contributed to globalization include increasingly sophisticated communications and transportation technologies and services, mass migration and the movement of peoples, a level of economic activity that has outgrown national markets through industrial combinations and commercial groupings that cross national frontiers, and international agreements that reduce the cost of doing business in foreign countries

Social transformation is a reciprocal relationship in which people have to be embraced and correctly identified with the cultural expectations of their particular class membership. This is the only way that persons can move from their own ascribed status to a new achieved status.

Social transformation are such when they sustain over time where attitudes and values are held in a completely new context (or paradigm) based upon different assumptions and beliefs.

One definition of Social transformation is the process by which an individual alters the socially ascribed social status of their parents into a socially achieved status for themselves. However another definition refers to large scale social change as in cultural reforms or transformations. Social transformation is related to dissociation between ground qualities (natural living, participant consciousness, community, and equality) and emergent qualities of (technology, reflexive consciousness, and social structure); the emergent qualities have suppressed the ground qualities.

Studying social transformation means examining the different ways in which globalizing forces impact upon local communities and national societies with highly-diverse historical experiences, economic and social patterns, political institutions and cultures.

If current way of doing something isn’t working, and when this becomes apparent to enough people, alternatives will be sought and taken seriously. This can happen in any area—social structure, technology, or consciousness. This is especially likely to occur in a crisis. People may choose an alternative simply because it offers a better way for them personally or for their business, or they may also realize that it is necessary for societal reasons. Change is most likely to start with a small group of people doing something in a new way, and then gradually spread to other groups and then hopefully to the whole society. This usually happens through a social movement, though the movement may not be explicitly related to social change.

We may have in mind the ‘great transformation’ (Polanyi 1944) in western societies brought about by industrialization and modernization, or more recent changes linked to decolonization, nation-state formation and economic development in the Asia Pacific region.

The idea of development is the most recent stage of the Enlightenment notion of human progress as a continual process of internal and external expansion based on values of rationality, secularity and efficiency. Internal expansion refers to economic growth, industrialization, improved administration, government based not on divine right but on competence and popular consent–in short to the development of the modern capitalist nation-state. External expansion refers to European colonization of the rest of the world, with the accompanying diffusion of western values, institutions and technologies. Modernity had the military and economic power to eliminate all alternatives, and the ideological strength to claim a right to a universal civilising mission. The most obvious reason why modernity is coming to an end is that its core principle–continual expansion–has become unviable:

1.      There are no significant new territories to colonize or integrate into the world economy;

2.      Human activity now has global environmental consequences;

3.      Weapons of mass destruction threaten global destruction;

4.      The economy and communications systems are organized on a global level;

5.      Global reflexivity is developing: people and groups of all kinds refer to the globe — not the local community or the nation-state — as the frame for their beliefs and action; and

6.      New forms of resistance that refuse to accept the universality of western values are becoming increasingly significant

Development was a question of instilling the ‘right’ orientations–values and norms–in the cultures of the non-Western world so as to enable its people to partake in the modern wealth-creating economic and political institutions of the advanced West.

Social transformation should not be defined simply as a negation of something else.

Social transformation studies do imply a rejection of some central assumptions of development studies. The very notion of development often implies a teleological belief in progression towards a pre-fixed goal: the type of economy and society to be found in the ‘highly-developed’ western countries. Social transformation, by contrast, does not imply any predetermined outcome, nor that the process is essentially a positive one.

Social transformation can be seen as the antithesis of globalization. I mean this in the dialectical sense that social transformation is both an integral part of globalization and a process that undermines its central ideologies. Focusing on the social upheavals which inevitably accompany economic globalization can lead to a more critical assessment. Trends towards economic and cultural globalization accelerated, largely due to the information technology revolution. The structure and control mechanisms of global markets changed rapidly. The new media allowed an increasingly rapid diffusion of cultural values based on an idealized US consumer society. A leap in military technology shifted the global balance of power to the United States and its allies. Globalization and industrial re-structuring also led to marginalization, impoverishment and social exclusion for large numbers of people in both the older industrial countries and the rest of the world, undermining the supposed dichotomy between developed and underdeveloped economies.

Today Social transformation affects all types of society in both developed and less-developed regions, in the context of globalization of economic and cultural relations, trends towards regionalization, and the emergence of various forms of global governance. Any analysis of social transformation therefore requires analysis both of macro-social forces and of local traditions, experiences and identities.

It is essential to understand social transformation studies as a field of research that can lead to positive recipes for social and political action to protect local and national communities against negative consequences of global change.